Transferability of heterologous primers in Brycon falcatus

The genus Bryconcomprises fish species of significant socioeconomic and biological importance in Brazil. Despite that, the genetic knowledge about these species is scarce, especially regardingBrycon falcatus. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the transferability of heterologous microsatellite primers inB. falcatus for the first time. Heterologous primers obtained from B. opalinus, B. hilarii, B. insignis, B. orbignyanus, B. amazonicus, Prochilodus argenteus, Prochilodus lineatus, Piaractus mesopotamicus, and Colossoma macropomum were evaluated. The primers that showed the best amplification patterns were applied to a sample of 22 individuals and the genetic parameters were calculated. Nine primers displayed satisfactory cross-amplification withB. falcatus: BoM5 (Brycon opalinus); Bh8, Bh13 and Bh16 (B. hilarii); Borg59 (B. orbignyanus); Bag22 (B. amazonicus); Par12 and Par80 (P. argenteus), and Cm1A8 (C. macropomum). The genetic parameters (number of alleles, effective alleles, allele richness, and expected and observed heterozygosity) and the polymorphic information content (PIC) confirmed the viability of these primers for population genetics analyses. Our study demonstrates the potential of transferability of microsatellite markers from related species and even different genera to B. falcatus, providing usefull tools for future population genetic studies in this species. (AU)

Transferability of heterologous microsatellite primers in Brycon gouldingi / Transferibilidade de primers microssatélites heterólogos em Brycon gouldingi

ABSTRACT: Brycon gouldingi is a species of neotropical fish of socioeconomic and environmental importance in the Tocantins-Araguaia Basin. Genetic studies on this species are still limited, making it difficult to evaluate the population structure and genetic diversity in natural and captive stocks. Here, we aimed to evaluate the transferability of heterologous microsatellite primers in B. gouldingi. A total of 30 primers for eight species were evaluated: Brycon hilarii, Brycon opalinus, Brycon cephalus, Brycon orbignyanus, Prochilodus lineatus, Prochilodus argenteus, Piaractus mesopotamicus, and Colossoma macropomum. The primers that showed the best amplification patterns were applied to 20 specimens of B. gouldingi, and their genetic parameters were assessed. Among the 30 primers, seven showed satisfactory transferability, six of which belonged to the genus Brycon: Bh13 (B. hilarii), BoM5, BoM13 (B. opalinus), Borg9, Borg13, and Borg59 (B. orbignyanus), and one belonged to P. argenteus (Par80). The primers for the other species tested showed non-specificity or monomorphism; and were therefore, excluded from the analyses. The number of alleles ranged between two (Borg13 and Borg59) and three (Bh13, BoM5, BoM13, Borg9 and Par80), with sizes varying between 103 bp (BoM5) and 430 bp (Borg9). Four primers showed evidence of null alleles (BoM13, Borg9, Borg13, and Par80), which could probably be attributed to the respective Hardy-Weinberg deviation. Thus, seven primers were validated for cross-amplification in B. gouldingi, which may be used in future studies involving this species.

RESUMO: Brycon gouldingi é uma espécie de peixe neotropical com importância socioeconômica e ambiental na Bacia do Tocantins-Araguaia. Estudos genéticos nessa espécie ainda são escassos, dificultando o conhecimento sobre a estrutura populacional e a diversidade genética nos estoques naturais e em cativeiro. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a transferibilidade de primers microssatélites heterólogos em B. gouldingi. Foram avaliados um total de 30 primers de oito espécies: Brycon hilarii, Brycon opalinus, Brycon cephalus, Brycon orbignyanus, Prochilodus lineatus, Prochilodus argenteus, Piaractus mesopotamicus e Colossoma macropomum. Os primers que demonstraram melhores padrões de amplificação foram aplicados em 20 espécimes de B. gouldingi para os cálculos dos parâmetros genéticos. Sete dos 30 primers apresentaram resultados satisfatórios de transferibilidade, sendo seis oriundos do gênero Brycon: Bh13 (B. hilarii), BoM5, BoM13 (B. opalinus), Borg9, Borg13 e Borg59 (B. orbignyanus), e um oriundo de P. argenteus (Par80). Os primer das outras espécies testados mostraram inespecificidade ou monomorfismo, sendo excluídos das análises. O número de alelos variou de dois (Borg13 e Borg59) a três (Bh13, BoM5, BoM13, Borg9 e Par80), com tamanhos entre 103 pb (BoM5) e 430 pb (Borg9). Quatro primers apresentaram evidências de alelos nulos (BoM13, Borg9, Borg13 e Par80), o que provavelmente inferiu sobre o desvio de Hardy-Weinberg nos mesmos. Concluindo, sete primers foram validados para a amplificação cruzada em B. gouldingi e poderão ser utilizados em futuros estudos com essa espécie.

Estudo computacional das emissões e dispersões atmosféricas do processo Kraft de produção de celulose: avaliação da qualidade do ar / Computacional study of the atmospheric emissions and dispersions from Kraft pulp production: air pollution assessment

RESUMO: A produção de celulose Kraft está associada à emissão de poluentes que causam danos ao ambiente, ao patrimônio e à saúde humana. O objetivo do trabalho consiste em estimar a concentração dos poluentes atmosféricos em um raio de 10 km em torno de uma grande fonte emissora, comparar as concentrações simuladas com normas nacionais e com limites específicos com algum efeito a saúde, além de avaliar o comportamento dos poluentes por análise dos mapas de dispersão. As concentrações foram estimadas pelo modelo de dispersão atmosférica Aermod para o ano de 2012. As concentrações máximas estimadas pelo modelo foram: 11,62 µg.m-3 (24 h) e 2,06 µg.m-3 (1 ano) para o material particulado inalável; 2,59 µg.m-3 (1 h) e 0,27 µg.m-3 (24 h) para os compostos reduzidos de enxofre; 0,47 µg.m-3 (24 h) e 0,09 µg.m-3 (1 ano) para o óxido de enxofre; 189,36 µg.m-3 (1 h) e 5,83 µg.m-3 (1 ano) para o óxido de nitrogênio; 13,26 µg.m-3 (8 h) e 5,63 µg.m-3 (24 h) para o monóxido de carbono. Não houve violação dos valores estabelecidos na Resolução CONAMA n° 003/1990, da Agência de Proteção Ambiental dos Estados Unidos (1979) e dos valores que causam algum efeito a saúde.

ABSTRACT: The Kraft pulp production is associated with the emission of harmful air pollutants that cause impacts in the environment, property and human health. This study aimed to quantify the concentration of air pollutants in a radius of 10 km around a large emission source, to compare simulated concentrations according to the national standards and the specific limits with some health effect, as well as to evaluate the behaviour of pollutants by analysis of dispersion maps. The pollutant concentrations were estimated by the use of Aermod atmospheric dipersion model for the year 2012. Peak concentrations estimated by the model were: 11.62 µg.m-3 (24 h) and 2.06 µg.m-3 (1 year) for respirable particulate matter; 2.59 µg.m-3 (1 h) and 0.27 µg.m3 (24 h) for reduced sulfur compounds; 0.47 µg.m-3 (24 h) and 0.09 µg.m-3 (1 year) for sulfur oxides; 189.36 µg.m-3 (1 h) and 5.83 µg.m-3 (1 year) for nitrogen oxide; 13.26 µg.m-3 (8 h) and 5.63 µg.m-3 (24 h) for carbon monoxide. There was no violation in the amounts established by the CONAMA Resolution n° 003/1990, United State Environmental Protection Agency (1979) and the values which can cause some health effect.

Genetic variability of broodstocks of restocking programs in Brazil / Variabilidad genética de lotes de reproductores de programas de repoblación en Brasil

Objective. The aim of this study was evaluate the genetic diversity of the following broodstocks: piapara (Leporinus elongatus), dourado (Salminus brasiliensis), jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) and cachara (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum) already useful for restocking programs in the Paranapanema, Iguaçu and Paraná Brazilian Rivers. Materials and methods. Samples from the caudal fin of 122 fish were analyzed. DNA was extracted by NaCl protocol. PCR products were separated by a horizontal agarose gel electrophoresis. The fragments were visualized by staining with ethidium bromide. Results. The amplification of 25 primers generated different fragments in studied species that allowed characterizing 440 fragments of 100-2900 bp. High percentage of polymorphic fragments (66.67 to 86.29), Shannon index (0.365 to 0.486) and genetic diversity of Nei (0.248 to 0.331) were detected. Conclusions. The level of genetic variability in the broodstocks was adequate for allowing their use in restocking programs in the studied Rivers. However, periodical monitoring studies of genetic variability in these stocks, the mating system, reproductive system and general management must be made to guarantee the preservation of wild populations.

Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la diversidad genética de los siguientes lotes de reproductores: piapara (Leporinus elongatus), dourado (Salminus brasiliensis), jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) y cachara (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum) utilizados para programas de repoblación en los ríos brasileños Paranapanema, Iguaçu y Paraná. Materiales y métodos. Muestras de aleta caudal de 122 peces fueron analizadas. El ADN fue extraído por el protocolo de NaCl. Los productos de PCR fueron separados por electroforesis horizontal en gel de agarosa. Los fragmentos fueron visualizados por marcación con bromuro de etidio. Resultados. La amplificación de los 25 iniciadores produjo diferentes fragmentos en las especies estudiadas que permitieron caracterizar 440 fragmentos de 100 a 2900 pb. Fueron detectados un alto porcentaje de fragmentos polimórficos (66.67 a 86.29), de índice de Shannon (0.365 a 0.486) y de diversidad genética de Nei (0.248 a 0.331). Conclusiones. El nivel de variabilidad genética en los lotes de reproductores fue adecuado para su utilización en programas de repoblación en los ríos estudiados. Sin embargo, estudios de monitoreo periódico de la variabilidad genética en esos lotes, del sistema de cruzamiento, del sistema reproductivo y del manejo general deben ser realizados para garantizar la preservación de las populaciones naturales.